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員是輔助性的成員,本文不再介紹。此外,有關(guān)命令操作碼可以參看scsi.h文件。 2.3 系統(tǒng)調(diào)用 成功地打開一個(gè)sg設(shè)備文件名,就在文件描述符和連接的scsi設(shè)備間建立了一個(gè)連接。sg設(shè)備保存著在scsi設(shè)備和文件描述符層(如保留緩沖區(qū))中的狀態(tài)信息和資源。即使scsi設(shè)備被拔掉,一個(gè)應(yīng)用仍然可以擁有該設(shè)備的文件描述符。如usb這樣的熱拔插設(shè)備就可以被拔掉,但它的文件描述符仍然存在。此時(shí)大多數(shù)試圖訪問該設(shè)備的系統(tǒng)調(diào)用會(huì)生成enodev錯(cuò)誤,poll()調(diào)用會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)pollhup錯(cuò)誤,但close()調(diào)用會(huì)正常完成。如對(duì)這個(gè)文件進(jìn)行open()操作,則也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)enodev錯(cuò)誤。 (1)open()調(diào)用 調(diào)用的形式為open(const char*filename,int flags)。 filename為sg設(shè)備文件名。flags為以下標(biāo)記或者為以下標(biāo)記的組合: o_rdonly:只能用于read()和ioclt()操作中。 o_rdwr:允許所有的系統(tǒng)調(diào)用執(zhí)行。 o_excl:在處理之前等待與scsi設(shè)備相關(guān)的其他打開關(guān)閉。當(dāng)其他人打開了一個(gè)scsi設(shè)備,如
結(jié)構(gòu)),它內(nèi)部有自己的數(shù)據(jù)和方法。每一個(gè)設(shè)備的方法被調(diào)用時(shí)的第一個(gè)參數(shù)都是這個(gè)設(shè)備對(duì)象本身。這樣這個(gè)方法就可以存取自身的數(shù)據(jù)(類似面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的this引用)。 一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備最基本的方法有初始化、發(fā)送和接收。 deliver packets receive packets queue (dev_queue_xmit()) |them(netif_rx()) methods and variables(initialize,open,close,hard_xmit, interrupt handler,config,resources,status…) send to hardware receivce from hardware hardware media 初始化程序完成硬件的初始化、device中變量的初始化和系統(tǒng)資源的申請(qǐng)。發(fā)送程序是在驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的上層協(xié)議層有數(shù)據(jù)要發(fā)送時(shí)自動(dòng)調(diào)用的。一般驅(qū)動(dòng)程序中不對(duì)發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行緩存,而是直接使用硬件的發(fā)送功能把數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送出去。接收數(shù)據(jù)一般是通過硬件中斷來通
sockfd, readbuffer, sizeof(readbuffer), 0)) < sizeof(readbuffer)) { nslog(@“read datas length is :%d”,br); [readstring appendformat:[nsstring stringwithcstring:readbuffer length:br]]; nslog(@“hava received datas is :%@”,readstring); } close(sockfd); }else { uialertview *alert = [[uialertview alloc] initwithtitle:[@“connection failed to host ” stringbyappendingstring:hostname] message:@“please check the hostname in the preferences.” delegate:self cancelbuttontitle:@“ok” otherbuttont
le(1) bzero(gotbuffer,long); number=recv(mysocket,gotbuffer,long,0); //調(diào)用阻塞函數(shù) if(number==-1) printf("error!!! some thing wrong !let you can not got the data form server,program end here\n"); return(0); gotbuffer[number]='\0'; close(mysocket); 3.2 服務(wù)器端程序設(shè)計(jì) 服務(wù)器端可以快速的做出客戶端的連接請(qǐng)求反映,服務(wù)器端反映來自客戶端的連接參數(shù),如連接的ip、連接時(shí)間、連接的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)等。服務(wù)器啟動(dòng)后根據(jù)請(qǐng)求提供以下服務(wù): ①打開通信通道并告知本地主機(jī),在某一公認(rèn)地址上接收客戶請(qǐng)求; ②等待客戶請(qǐng)求到達(dá)該端口; ③接收到重復(fù)服務(wù)請(qǐng)求,處理該請(qǐng)求并發(fā)送應(yīng)答信號(hào); ④返回第二步,等待另一客戶請(qǐng)求; ⑤關(guān)閉服務(wù)器。 服務(wù)器端程序設(shè)計(jì)的流程如圖4所示。 客戶端
技術(shù)用于提高效率,讀寫調(diào)用是在內(nèi)核緩沖區(qū)和進(jìn)程緩沖區(qū)之間進(jìn)行的數(shù)據(jù)復(fù)制。 其次從操作的設(shè)備上來區(qū)分,文件i/o主要針對(duì)文件操作,讀寫硬盤等,它操作的是文件描述符,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)i/o針對(duì)的是控制臺(tái),打印輸出到屏幕等,它操作的是字符流。對(duì)于不同設(shè)備得特性不一樣,必須有不同api訪問才最高效。 最后來看下他們使用的函數(shù) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)io 文件io(低級(jí)io) 打開 fopen,freopen,fdopen open 關(guān)閉 fclose close 讀 getc,fgetc,getcharfgets,getsfread read 寫 putc,fputc,putcharfputs,puts,fwrite write 1.fopen與open 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)i/o使用fopen函數(shù)打開一個(gè)文件: file* fp=fopen(const char* path,const char *mod) 其中path是文件名,mod用于指定文件打開的模式的字符串,比如"r",
ementfetch measurement 單次測(cè)量函數(shù)多次測(cè)量函數(shù)從儀器內(nèi)存取數(shù)據(jù)函數(shù) utility functions query scpi versionresetself-testerror queryerror messagerevision querycalibratewrite to instrumentread from instrument scpi版本查詢函數(shù)復(fù)位函數(shù)自檢函數(shù)錯(cuò)誤查詢函數(shù)錯(cuò)誤信息函數(shù)儀器驅(qū)動(dòng)器版本查詢函數(shù)校準(zhǔn)函數(shù)向儀器寫函數(shù)從儀器讀函數(shù) close close 關(guān)閉函數(shù) 圖2 儀器驅(qū)動(dòng)器的組織實(shí)例 數(shù)是最后調(diào)用的,用于關(guān)閉儀器的軟件連接。配置函數(shù)對(duì)儀器進(jìn)行配置,以便執(zhí)行所希望的操作。動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)函數(shù)使儀器執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)操作或者報(bào)告正在執(zhí)行的或已經(jīng)掛起的操作的狀態(tài)。數(shù)據(jù)函數(shù)用來從儀器取回?cái)?shù)據(jù)或向儀器發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)。實(shí)用函數(shù)包括許多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的儀器操作,例如執(zhí)行復(fù)位、自檢、詢問驅(qū)動(dòng)程序版本信息和錯(cuò)誤處理等。 應(yīng)用函數(shù)是一組面向測(cè)試的高級(jí)函數(shù),它們指出如何使用部件函數(shù)。這些程序通過配置、觸發(fā)和從儀器讀取數(shù)據(jù)來完成整個(gè)測(cè)試操作,不僅提供了如
中,通過“連接(connection)”訪問數(shù)據(jù)源,連接是交換數(shù)據(jù)所必需的環(huán)境。對(duì)象模 型使用connection對(duì)象使連接概念具體化。connection對(duì)象代表打開的、與數(shù)據(jù)源的連接。使用connection對(duì)象的集合、方法和屬性可執(zhí)行下列等操作: (1)在打開連接前使用connectionstring、connectiontimeout和mode屬性對(duì)連接進(jìn)行配置; (2)使用defaultdatabase屬性設(shè)置連接的默認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫; (3)使用open方法建立到數(shù)據(jù)源的物理連接,使用close方法將連接斷開; (4)使用execute方法執(zhí)行對(duì)連接的命令,并使用commandtimeout屬性對(duì)執(zhí)行進(jìn)行配置。3.2命令 通過已建立的連接發(fā)出的“命令(command)”可以用某種方式來操作數(shù)據(jù)源。命令可以在數(shù)據(jù)源中添加、刪除或更新數(shù)據(jù),或者在表中以行的格式檢索數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)象模型用command對(duì)象來體現(xiàn)命令概念,command對(duì)象定義了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)源執(zhí)行的指定命令。使用command對(duì)象查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫并返回recordset對(duì)象中的記錄,以便執(zhí)行大量操作或處理數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)??梢允褂胏ommand
進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)奶捉幼謱?shí)例分別為adatasock和vdatasock。若從已方發(fā)起連接,先通過qt的信號(hào)和槽機(jī)制設(shè)定相應(yīng)的套接字連接、關(guān)閉和其他處理槽函數(shù),再使用connecttohost()函數(shù)連接到遠(yuǎn)端服務(wù)器即可。音頻套接字實(shí)例化代碼如下: adatasock=new ippdatasock(this); connect(adatasock,signal(connected()),slot(tconnected())); connect(adatasock,signal(connectionclosed()),slot(tclosed())); connect(adatasock,signal(readyread()),ipaudio,slot(canplay())); connect(adatasock,signal(error(int)),slot(terror(int))); adatasock->connecttohost(tserver->text(),(tport->text()).toushort()); 3.2 音頻采集/播放模塊設(shè)計(jì) 音頻采集/播放模塊主要是實(shí)現(xiàn)ip電話的音
斯展示了這樣一組數(shù)據(jù):如果服務(wù)器耗電每年增加20%,4年的電費(fèi)預(yù)算將超過一套價(jià)值3,000美金的低端x86芯片;如果能耗增加50%,即使電價(jià)本身不上漲,10年的電費(fèi)也將數(shù)倍于服務(wù)器價(jià)格。 顯然,計(jì)算設(shè)備的電力能耗大大超出控制。這導(dǎo)致業(yè)內(nèi)專家疾呼,不解決電力問題,不僅企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)中心將面臨建得起而用不起的尷尬現(xiàn)狀,長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看更可能造成行業(yè)的衰落。基礎(chǔ)電路和結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新是必須。甚至有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為:建立新的數(shù)據(jù)中心要比翻新現(xiàn)有的來得便宜。 為應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn),戴維斯提出了優(yōu)化的“4c”策略:緊靠熱源的制冷(close oupled cooling),apc-mge的數(shù)據(jù)中心解決方案通過更有效的設(shè)計(jì)改變了傳統(tǒng)的房間級(jí)冷空氣分配模式,將制冷設(shè)備緊靠熱源,避免冷熱空氣的混合從而提高制冷效率;熱空氣遏制(contaiment),通過遏制高密度設(shè)備(諸如刀片式服務(wù)器等)所產(chǎn)生的熱空氣,來實(shí)現(xiàn)可預(yù)測(cè)的、可重復(fù)的電力和制冷架構(gòu),避免因?yàn)樯岫鴮?dǎo)致的宕機(jī);容量管理(capacity manament),智能、集成的容量管理軟件,可為用戶提供關(guān)于供電和制冷需求方面的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù);應(yīng)用合理規(guī)劃的組件(components),合理規(guī)
aixtron日前宣布在去年第四季度獲得臺(tái)灣晶元光電的訂單,這是今年該公司對(duì)外公布的第三個(gè)大單。 全球領(lǐng)先的超高亮度led制造商晶元光電向aixtron訂購了兩套大容量crius close coupled showerhead (ccs)反應(yīng)腔以及一套aix 2800g4 ht planetary reactor系統(tǒng),這兩款均是aixtron針對(duì)大尺寸gan led制造的旗艦級(jí)設(shè)備。 設(shè)備在今年晚些時(shí)候抵達(dá)晶元光電,用于滿足擴(kuò)大led生產(chǎn)量的求。這筆訂單與去年10月份的結(jié)合,晶元光電成為去年第四季度最大的獨(dú)立設(shè)備投資方,并將繼續(xù)在led技術(shù)投資上起著帶頭作用。
;開繼電器5wait: jb p3.2,$ ;等待 mov b,#3 acall delay jb p3.2,wait clr tr0 clr led mov ie,#0 mov b,#delay_time2 acall delay clr jdq4 ;close 1 mov b,#delay_time2 acall delay clr jdq3 ;close 2 mov b,#delay_time2 acall delay clr jdq2 ;close 3 mov b,#delay_time2 acall delay clr jdq1
相關(guān)元件pdf下載:bc547 bc557 any number of normally open switches may be used. fit the mercury switches so that they close when the steering is moved or when the bike is lifted off its side-stand or pushed forward off its centre-stand. use micro-switches to protect removable panels and the lids of panniers etc. while at least one switch remains closed, the siren will sound. about two minutes after the switches have been opened again, the alarm will reset. how long it takes to switch off depend
two channel sata 3-gbps redriver a. place supply capacitors close to the pin. b. en can be left open or tied to supply when no external control is implemented. c. output pre-emphasis (pe1, pe2) is shown enabled. setting depends on device palcement 用sn75lvcp412a組成的sata/esata接口驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 來源:海歐
ted, and the value of r2 perhaps reduced, to make the gate alarm sound more like a warning device. vr1 adjusts the frequency of the sound emitted. ic1d is a timer which causes the gate alarm to emit some 20 to 30 further pips after the gate has been closed again, before it falls silent, as if to say: "i'm more clever than a simple on-off device." piezo disk s1 may be replaced with a led if desired, the led being wired in series with a 1k resistor. figure 2 shows how an ordinary reed switch may be con
ted, and the value of r2 perhaps reduced, to make the gate alarm sound more like a warning device. vr1 adjusts the frequency of the sound emitted. ic1d is a timer which causes the gate alarm to emit some 20 to 30 further pips after the gate has been closed again, before it falls silent, as if to say: "i'm more clever than a simple on-off device." piezo disk s1 may be replaced with a led if desired, the led being wired in series with a 1k resistor. figure 2 shows how an ordinary reed switch may be con
再說明一下我的意圖我在兩個(gè)不同的場(chǎng)合用到兩對(duì)變量,分別是close、open和moto1、moto2這兩對(duì)變量要實(shí)現(xiàn)同一種效果,即:電機(jī)的正、反轉(zhuǎn)。在沒有斷定moto1和moto2哪一個(gè)為正轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),用了close和open替代。程序運(yùn)行,當(dāng)temp中為#79h時(shí),open與moto1均為正轉(zhuǎn),close與moto2均為反轉(zhuǎn)。 還望老師教我,小弟不勝感激! close bit 20h.0 open bit 20h.1 moto1 bit p0.0 moto2 bit p0.1 ...... temp equ 40h---------------------開始執(zhí)行--------------------- ...... mov
integerdim path as string'open "c:\temp.lgs\data.lgs" for input as #1 ' open file.angle = input(3, #1)' get ten characters.'open "file.lgs" for input as #2'line input #2, textline'pstx = input(5, #1)'psty = input(5, #1)'close #1 ' close file.' call resetparameters ' run the pcb' call addstringparameter ("format", "protel pcb 2.8 ascii file (*.pcb)") ' export process' call addstr
some ideai m not an expert on pll, but as far as i know, the design should start from the design of close loop -3db frequency.1. from the input frequency, design close loop -3db frequency fc to be less than 1/10 of input frequency.2. from the close loop -3db frequency, calculate the open-loop -3db frequency fo (固有頻率as u mentioned)3. choose kvco, damping factor, i. then calculate cp, r. phase margin is guarteed if damping factor is high enough. choose cw approximately cp/10. cw can be ignored when ana
---函數(shù)名pipe 調(diào)用語法pipe (infile, outfile); 解說與fork合用,給父進(jìn)程和子進(jìn)程提供通信的方式。送到outfile文件變量的信息可以通過infile文件變量讀取。步驟: 1、調(diào)用pipe 2、用fork將程序分成父進(jìn)程和子進(jìn)程 3、一個(gè)進(jìn)程關(guān)掉infile,另一個(gè)關(guān)掉outfile 例子pipe (input, output); $retval = fork(); if ($retval != 0) { # this is the parent process close (input); print ("enter a line of input:\n"); $line = ; print output ($line); } else { # this is the child process close (output); $line = ; print ($line); exit (0); } 結(jié)果輸出$ program enter a line of input: here is a test line here is a test
3;i++) test+=com2.get_bag[com2.get_b2][i];//校驗(yàn)和,第4—12字節(jié)和 printf("test=%x\n",test); if(test==com2.get_bag[com2.get_b2][13]) { printf("68 is ok!");。。。 }void main(){int c,i;clrscr();outportb(com2+1,0); /*close com2 int*/oldportlisr=getvect(intvect);/*save old int*/setvect(intvect,com2int);/*com2 communication config */outportb(com2+3,0x80); /* dlab on*/outportb(com2+0,0x0c); /*divider low byte , 0x03=38 400bps,0x0c=9600*/outportb(com2+1,0x00);outportb(com